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The following excerpts shown below are taken from
Wikipedia.com:
Internal
combustion engine vehicles, such as boats, RVs, ATVs, motorcycles, cars, trucks,
and more use
lead acid batteries. These batteries employ a
sulfuric acid
electrolyte and can generally be charged and discharged without exhibiting
memory effect, though
sulfation
(a chemical reaction in the battery which deposits a layer of sulfates on the
lead) will occur over time. Keeping the electrolyte level in the recommended
range is necessary. When discharged, these batteries should be recharged
immediately in order to prevent
sulfation.
These sulfates are electrically insulating and therefore interfere with the
transfer of charge from the sulfuric acid to the lead, resulting in a lower
maximum current than can be drawn from the battery. Sulfated lead acid batteries
typically need replacing. Good ventilation and avoidance of ignition sources
(e.g., sparks) is wise when recharging, since charging a lead acid battery
generates highly explosive
hydrogen gas.
Simple
A simple charger works by supplying a constant
DC
power source to a battery being charged. The simple charger does not alter
its output based on time or the charge on the battery. This simplicity means
that a simple charger is inexpensive, but there is a tradeoff in quality.
Typically, a simple charger takes longer to charge a battery to prevent severe
over-charging. Even so, a battery left in a simple charger for too long will be
weakened or destroyed due to over-charging. These chargers can supply either a
constant voltage or a
constant current
to the battery.
Trickle
A trickle charger is a kind of simple charger
that charges the battery slowly, at the
self-discharge rate. A trickle charger is the slowest kind of battery
charger. A battery can be left in a trickle charger indefinitely. Leaving a
battery in a trickle charger keeps the battery "topped up" but never
over-charges.
Pulse
Some chargers use pulse technology in
which a pulse is fed to the
battery. This DC pulse has a strictly controlled
rise time, pulse width,
pulse repetition rate (frequency)
and amplitude.
This technology is said to work with any size, voltage, capacity or chemistry of
batteries, including automotive and
valve-regulated batteries.[2]
With pulse charging, high instantaneous voltages can be applied without
overheating the battery. In a
Lead-acid battery, this breaks down lead-sulfate crystals, thus greatly
extending the battery service life.[3]
Several kinds of pulse charging are patented.[4][5][6]
Others are
open source hardware.[7]
Some chargers use pulses to check the current
battery state when the charger is first connected, then use constant current
charging during fast charging, then use pulse charging as a kind of trickle
charging to maintain the charge.[8]
Some chargers use "negative pulse charging", also
called "reflex charging" or "burp charging".[9]
Such chargers use both positive and brief negative current pulses. Such chargers
don't work any better than pulse chargers that only use positive pulses.
Intelligent
Output current depends upon the battery's state.
An intelligent charger may monitor the battery's voltage, temperature and/or
time under charge to determine the optimum charge current at that instant.
Charging is terminated when a combination of the voltage, temperature and/or
time indicates that the battery is fully charged.
For
Ni-Cd and
NiMH batteries, the voltage across the battery increases slowly during the
charging process, until the battery is fully charged. After that, the voltage
decreases, which indicates to an intelligent charger that the battery is
fully charged. Such chargers are often labeled as a ΔV, "delta-V," or sometimes
"delta peak", charger, indicating that they monitor the voltage change.
The problem is, the magnitude of "delta-V" can
become very small or even non-existent if (very) high capacity rechargeable
batteries are recharged. This can cause even an intelligent battery charger to
not sense that the batteries are actually already fully charged, and continue
charging. Overcharging of the batteries will result in some cases. However, many
so called intelligent chargers employ a combination of cut off systems, which
should prevent overcharging in the vast majority of cases.
A typical intelligent charger fast-charges a
battery up to about 85% of its maximum capacity in less than an hour, then
switches to trickle charging, which takes several hours to top off the battery
to its full capacity.[1]
Jump Start
A jump start, also called a boost,
is a method of starting an
automobile
or other vehicle powered by an
internal combustion engine when the vehicle's
battery has been
discharged. A second battery (often in another vehicle) is temporarily
connected to provide starting power to the disabled vehicle. Once the disabled
vehicle's engine is running, its
alternator
or
generator should recharge the dead battery, so the second battery can now be
disconnected.
Most
passenger
vehicles use a 12-volt
car
battery that provides power to a starting
electric motor for
the
engine. When the engine is running, electrical power from its
alternator restores the charge to the battery in preparation for the next
start. When a battery is discharged, as for example by
headlights left on while the engine is off, the car's engine will not "turn
over" when the ignition key is turned and the vehicle will not start.
Gel Battery
A gel battery (also known as a "gel cell")
is a VRLA battery with a
gelified
electrolyte; the
sulfuric acid is mixed with
silica
fume, which makes the resulting mass gel-like and immobile. Unlike a flooded
wet-cell lead-acid battery, these batteries do not need to be kept upright. Gel
batteries reduce the electrolyte evaporation, spillage (and subsequent
corrosion
issues) common to the wet-cell battery, and boast greater resistance to extreme
temperatures, shock, and
vibration.
Chemically they are the same as wet (non-sealed) batteries except that the
antimony in
the lead plates is replaced by
calcium.
Many modern
motorcycles
on the market utilize AGM or factory-sealed AGM batteries for the combined
benefits of reduced likelihood of acid spilling during accidents, and for
packaging reasons (lighter, smaller battery to do the same job; the battery can
be installed at an odd angle if needed for the design of the motorcycle).
Due to the higher manufacturing costs compared
with flooded lead-acid batteries, AGM batteries are currently used on premium
vehicles. As vehicles become heavier and equipped with more electronic devices
such as navigation,
stability control, and premium stereos, AGM batteries are being employed to
lower vehicle weight and provide better electrical reliability compared with
flooded lead-acid batteries.
New
5
series BMWs from
March 2007 incorporate AGM batteries in conjunction with devices for recovering
brake energy using
regenerative braking and computer control to ensure the alternator charges
the battery when the car is decelerating. Vehicles used in
auto
racing may use AGM batteries due to their vibration resistance.
